Runway

Runway

A runway is the area of an airport where an aircraft can land or takeoff. Their length is determined by the size of the airport and the type of aircraft expected to land there. Runways are oriented to the direction of wind most blown in the area. The wind direction is converted to magnetic direction and then rounded up or down to the closest magnetic heading in multiples of 10 up to 360. Each end of a runway is numbered with its magnetic opposite so if there is a change in wind occurs the runway best suited for flight can be used. For example: in an area where the wind primarily blows in a westerly direction, the runway would be laid out west to east and be named 27 and 9 representing the magnetic directions of 270 and 090. If the wind primarily blew in a 274-degree direction, then the runway would still orient itself with the wind, but it would be called runway 27. If there were two runways running parallel to each other, then the runway on the left would have an “L” after it and the runway on the right would have an “R” after it. For example, runways 27 and 9 would be named 27L/9R and 27R/9L.

From the air, it can be hard for a pilot to tell exactly where a runway is located without the proper equipment. Publications like sectionals, airport/facility directory (ADF), or GPS systems will have runway information for specific airports. The aeronautical information manual (AIM) section 2-3 will have all the information needed to safely identify the marking on an airport runway. If a pilot does not have any of these items on him, they can look at the markings on the runway to tell distance, location, and size. The sides of a runway are identified with solid white stripes that run end to end. They also have at the approach end of the runway there can be a displaced threshold (area of the runway used for takeoff, taxi, and landing rollout but not landings) identified by thick, solid, white lines. Down the centerline of the runway there is a dotted white line in which each dash is equal to 150ft in length and the space in between it is 50ft in length.

There are 3 main types of runways: visual, non-precision, and precision. Visual runways are used in more general aviation airports where aircraft landing are small and light in weight and where instrument approaches are not available. Non-precision runways are in small to medium sized airports where there can be commercial and general aviation traffic. There can be non-precision or precision approaches into the airport, but the runway only identifies markings for non-precision approaches. At precision runways, there can also be commercial or general aviation traffic and visual, non-precision, or precision approaches can be made into the airport. Precision runways are identifies by yellow arrows on the precision end along with a displaced threshold and usually have an ILS landing system located on the same side of the runway.

As well as markings, there are also lights that identify a runway. The approach side is also denoted by green lights, and then the end of the runway is denoted by red lights. The lights change color based on what side you are approaching on, so you can safely identify the beginning and end of the runway. Down the side of the runway are white lights and on precision runways yellow lights denote the last 2000ft. The centerline lights are white as well and in large runways from the last 3000ft – 1000ft of the runway the light alternate between white and red and the last 1000ft are denoted by red lights.

Runways can be many different sizes in length but come in 3 basic width, 50ft, 100ft, and 150ft. Depending on the size, popularity, use, and commercialism of the airport will determine the width. For instance, a runway catering to only general aviation aircraft might be 50ft wide and 3000ft long whereas a runway catering to Boeing 737s and international flights might be 150ft wide and 10,000ft long. They are usually made out of asphalt and/or concrete, but sometimes-smaller runways will be dirt or grass strips. In Alaska beaches and ice lakes can runways, so environment can platy a role in determining what a runway is made out of.

(more information about runway lengths, types, markings, and lights can be found in the AIM section 2-3-1 – 2-3-12)